Alzheimer's Reversal #6 of 9

Transcript

​This segment of the presentation begins with nadh and the antioxidant defense system nadh is the underlying foundation of the antioxidant defense system nadh carries reducing power in other words it's cold when nadh transfers its reducing power recycle One Touch of cycle to it becomes a nadie which is the oxidized form ready for collecting more energy and they nadp becomes reduced to nadph which is the initial reservoir for reducing equivalents but it doesn't stop there were cycle to touch a cycle 3 glutathione reductase uses nadph to reduce oxidized glutathione gssg back into reduced glutathione gsh the pool of reduced glutathione is the single largest reservoir of reducing equivalents in the body it is the chemical foundation of life and the key to a non Alzheimer brain other antioxidants like vitamin C and vitamin E rely upon glutathione for their recycling glutathione is the primary cellular antioxidant because it contains an sh group the sh group is its active site for both its antioxidant activity and its Mercury binding activity mercury has an extreme preference for binding to sulfur as evidence by the primary Mercury or in the Earth crust Cinnabar being Mercury sulfide because of the special Affinity of mercury and sulfur also Hydro containing enzymes are at risk for mercury poisoning Mercury is not the only element with an affinity for Sulphur lead also preferentially binds to sulfur and Lead sulfide Galena is the primary LED or although lead toxicity does not seem to be sufficient for inhibiting the soap Hydro enzymes that trigger Alzheimer's disease lead toxicity may be involved in increasing Alzheimer's risk indirectly possibly through aggravation of insulin resistance or increasing sensitivity to inflammation so it's probably a good idea to assess all toxic Metals as part of an Alzheimer's prevention reversal program including iron now that mercury toxicity is identified as the Domino tipping influence in the Alzheimer's disease Cascade let's switch our attention Downstream by following the dashed magenta line we have already covered some of the ATP impairments with the discussion of creatine kinase and its naughty 5% inhibition and Alzheimer's disease this is an example of a soft Hydro enzyme that is common to the body and brain but let's shift our attention to the other self hydril enzymes that play in even more dominant role in the brain no example is more apt than a kinase and phosphatase enzymes that regulate the brain's phosphorylation cycle kinases and phosphatases are classes of enzymes some of which have so Hydro groups at their active sites kinases add phosphate groups to other molecules like creatine kinase adds a phosphate group to creatine can AIDS is also at phosphate groups to other kinases and phosphatases which changes their activities so kinases are part of the regulatory feedback loops that adjust enzyme activity to meet metabolic needs protein kinase C is just one of the so Hydro base kinases that is inhibited by Mercury and an Alzheimer's disease protein kinase C is most highly expressed in brain tissue phosphatases work oppositely to kinases they remove phosphate groups from enzymes and like kinases remove phosphate groups from other phosphatases and kinases which can undo the activity alterations accomplished by the Kennedys because kinases can upregulate and down regulate the activities of other kinases and up and down regulate the activities of their phosphatase counterparts the kanae's phosphatase Dynamic is not linear or stable in fact the system is wired to operate in a metastable state which tips into an over phosphorylated State before the phosphatases become active enough to reverse the process the phosphatases then overdrive the system into an under phosphorylated state which eventually turns off the phosphatases and reactivate the kinases brain enzymes and brain structures that are phosphorylated or dephosphorylated by these enzymes oscillate back and forth between being over and under phosphorylated every 90 seconds this is one of the reasons why the brain which is only 3% of the body's Mass consumes roughly 20% of the body's energy this oscillation of phosphorylation probably has a fundamental role in maintaining the long-term stability of the brain although it may seem counterintuitive oscillating systems tend to have Superior long-term stability overdamped systems the ability of the female menstrual cycle to postpone a wide range of Aging effects is but one example this principle is also widely exploited in electronics to create circuits with extreme long-term stability in the brain one of the things that this oscillation accomplishes is cyclic adjustments of the cytoskeleton with Selective inhibition of protein can a sea and Other Self hydro kinases and phosphatases by Mercury the kinase phosphatase Dynamic is disrupted which has catastrophic effects on the phosphorylation of brain proteins that are essential to the cytoskeleton like kinases and phosphatases the cytoskeleton plays a much more dominant role in the brain than the body nowhere is this more true than with microtubules the component of the cytoskeleton that provides Transportation infrastructure for active transport of materials which is indispensable for neural Transportation down the exceedingly long axons and dendrites of brain cells microtubules are assembled in maintained with GTP has the energy molecule and are depolarized and disassembled by the toxic effects of Mercury